Common rail how does it work

The merits of the common rail fuel injection system architecture have been recognized since the development of the diesel engine. Early researchers, including Rudolf Diesel, worked with fuel systems that contained some of the essential features of modern common rail diesel fuel injection systems.

For example, in , a patent for a common rail fuel injection system with mechanically actuated injectors was issued to Vickers Ltd. Around the same time, another patent was issued in the United States to Thomas Gaff for a fuel system for a direct cylinder injection spark ignition engine using electrically actuated solenoid valves.

The fuel was metered by controlling the length of time the valves were open []. The idea of using an electrically actuated injection valve on a diesel engine with a common rail fuel system was developed by Brooks Walker and Harry Kennedy in the late s and applied to a diesel engine by Atlas-Imperial Diesel Engine Company of California in the early s [] [] [] [].

Controlled by the electronic unit, the fuel is squirted directly where the combustion chamber is hottest, which makes it burn more evenly and thoroughly. The main advantages of the common rail direct fuel injection can be summarized in reduction of exhaust and noise emissions, better fuel efficiency and improved overall engine performance.

The system consists of a high-pressure pump, injectors, a rail, and an electronic control unit. The common rail is a long metal cylinder. It receives the fuel from the pump and distributes it to the injectors under extremely high pressure. Both, diesel and gasoline engines tend to become smaller and lighter for better fuel efficiency and improved performance which increases the fuel pressure and sets entirely new standards for the manufacturing of a high-quality common rail.

Fuel is delivered from the fuel tank to the injection pump via the lift pump. The lift pump's only purpose is to consistently provide fuel to the injection pump - the pressure of the fuel as it enters the injection pump is small and has no effect on the actual pressure leaving an injector nozzle. The high pressure pump maintains tremendous pressure within the common rail s ; an I-6 engine features a single common rail that feeds each injector, while a "V" engine will utilize two common rails, one for each engine bank.

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